That Intellectual Property Right System. Commercialization of Art Essay

That Intellectual Property Right System. Commercialization of Art - Essay Example Cuban writer, Geraldo Mosquera has addressed the paradox that the globalize vortex of mixing, multiplying appropriation and re-semanticising takes place in a situation when all cultures steal from one another either from dominance or subordinations. (Welchman, 2001). Intellectual property rights system and misappropriation of indigenous knowledge without prior knowledge and consent of indigenous people bring to mind a feeling of anger and a mentality being cheated as also helpless in knowing nothing about intellectual property rights and indigenous knowledge piracy. This is equal to robbing indigenous person of their resources and knowledge through monopoly rights. The intellectual property rights system, mainly favors the industrialized countries in North having enough resources for claiming copyrights, resulting in exploitation and appropriation of hereditary assets, knowledge etc. as also the culture of local people for marketable and commercial purpose. We can also see that Intellectual Property right system ignores the contribution of the indigenous people and do not value the close interrelationship between the indigenous people and their knowledge as also the genetic resources of which the Intellectual property right system is taking advantage, and it is really painful for the original authority as the Intellectual property right system is concerned only with the benefits that they are gaining from the profit-making exploitation of these resources. There is a dire need to protect and safeguard indigenous knowledge today, as also the self determination is important. In Asian regions, many indigenous people have come together now and people have started realizing the importance and the need to protect their indigenous knowledge and culture, and aim towards reclaiming their right to self determination and indigenous knowledge. However, today slowly the indigenous people have started realizing the importance of the issue and have to give importance to the following points regarding activities related to indigenous knowledge and culture: 1) Try to strengthen indigenous people's organizations and communities, which will enable them to collectively address the local concerns related to the indigenous knowledge and the intellectual property rights system. 2) The indigenous people should continue to strengthen their self determinations , as this can help them stand against the threats by intellectual property rights systems on the indigenous knowledge and genetic resources. 3) The level of awareness among the indigenous organizations and communities should be raised more which will help them being more aware about the changing global trends and developments in the Intellectual property rights system as they apply to life forms and indigenous knowledge. (Possey & Dutfield, 1996). "Commodification of art comes under both privileging the exchange value over the work performed by art and of evaluating the importance of the materiality of the art work". "The approach to art which can be developed from Irigarays writing is a result of two factors, one the critique of commodification and of the model of experience based on specularity of male desire, and other side the rethinking of opposition between the sensible and intelligible through poetics of the elements." The

Chemical Equilibrium And Ph Biology Essay

Chemical Equilibrium And Ph Biology Essay In a chemical process, chemical is a state in which cocentration of reactants and the concentration of products does not change overtime i.e when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as backward reaction and it exists in dynamic equilibrium. The laws of chemical equilibrium define the direction in which a chemical reaction will proceed, as well as the quantities of reactants and products that will remain after the reaction comes to an end. An understanding of chemical equilibrium and how it can manipulated is essential for anyone involved in Chemistry and its applications. The fundamental equation provides the basis for understanding chemical equilibrium. pH is Quantitative measure of stength of acidity and alkalinity of solution. When the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in aqueous solution are frequently very small numbers and there fore inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. It is defined as the negative of the hydrogen ion concentration. pH= -log[H+]. Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic. HISTORY:- The concept of chemical equilibrium develop after Berthoket (1803) found that some chemical are reversible. For any reaction to be equilibrium, rate of forward reaction is equal rate of backward reaction, so at equilibrium nearly all the reactant are used up for to left it hardly any product formed from reactant. In 1864 Guldberg and waage showed experimentally that in chemical reactions an equillibrium is reached that can be approached from either direction. They were apparently the first to realize that there is a mathematical relation between the concentration of reactants and products at equillibrium. In 1877 van`t hoff suggested that in the equillibrium expressions the concentrationof each reactant should appear to the first power, corresponding with the stochiometric numbers in the balanced chemical equation. The concept of p[H] was first introduced by Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen at the carlsberg laboratory in 1909 and revised to the modern pH in 1924 after it became apparent that electromotive force in cells depended on activity rather than concentration of hydrogen ions. TYPES OF EQUILLIBRIUM:- Physical equillibrium:- Equillibrium between two phases of the same substance is called Physical equillibrium because the changes that occur are physical processes. e.g; The vaporization of water in a closed container at a given temperature is an example of physical equilibrium. In this instance the number of H2O molecules leaving and the number of returning to the liquid phase are equal. H2O(l) = H2O(g) The study of physical equilibrium Yields useful information such as the equilibrium vapour pressure. If a reaction is:- aA + bB = cC + dD where a, b, c and d are the stoichiometric coefficients for the reacting species A, B, C , and D. For the reaction at a particular temperature K = (C)C (D)d (A)a (B)b where K is the equilibrium constant. This equation was formulated by cato Guldberg and Petr Wage in 1864. It is the mathematical expressions of their law of mass of action, which holds that for a reversible reaction at equilibrium and a constant temperature, a certain ratio of reactant and product concentration has a constant value K. and the equilibrium constant does depend on the volume, concentration, catalyst, pressure e.t.c. It only depends upon temperature. The equilibrium constant ,then, is defined by a quotient, the numerator of which is obtained by multiplying together the equilibrium concentration of the products, each raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced equation denoted by Q. If Q If Q > K then reaction takes backward reaction. If Q = K then reaction is at equilibrium state. The magnitude of equilibrium constant tells whether the reaction favors the products or reactant. If K >> 1 , the equilibrium will lie to the right and favours the products. If K Homogeneous equillibrium:- The term homogeneous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the same phase. E.g; An example of homogenous gas phase equilibrium is the dissociation of N2O4. N2O4 (g) = N2O4 (g) aA(g) = bB(g) then, Kc = (B)b/(A)a the concentrations of reactants and the products in gaseous reaction can also be expressed in terms of their partial pressures. At constant temperature the pressure P of gas is directly related to the concentrations in mol/ L of the gas. i.e; P =(n/V)RT. And the expressions can be given by Kp = PbB/PaA where Pa and P b are the partial pressure of A and B. After substiuting these relations in to the expressions, we get [Kp=Kc(RT)b-a] If b-a is equal to zero, then reaction is at equilibrium. If b-a > 0 , then backward reaction is favourable. If b-a Heterogeneous equilibrium:- A heterogeneous equilibrium results from a reversible reaction and products that are in different phases. e.g; when calcium carbonate is heated in a closed vessel, the following equilibrium is attained. CaCO3(S = CaO(S) + CO2 If a reaction aA(S) + bB(s) = cC(s) + dD(g), the concentration of a solid , like it`s density , is an intensive property and does not depend on how much of the substance is present. In thermodynamics , the activity of pure solid us 1. Thus yhe concentration terms for A,B and C are unity. So, Kc = [D]d Similarly , the activity of a pure liquid is also 1. Thus if a reactant or a product is a liquid, we can`t omit in the equilibrium constant expressions. Also we can express the equilibrium constant as Kp = P(D)d . Factor Affecting Equilibrium:- Chemical equilibrium represents a balance between forward and reverse reactions. In most cases, this balance is quit delicate. Change in experimental condition may disturb the balance and shift the equilibrium position so that variable can be controlled experimentally are concentration, pressure, volume and temperature. Effect of change of temperature:- A change in concentration, pressure, or volume may alter the equilibrium position , that is, the relative amounts of reactants and products but it dose not change the value of equilibrium constant .Only a change in temperature can alter the equilibrium constant. At equilibrium at a certain temperature, the heat effect is zero because there is no net reaction .If we treat heat as though it were a chemical reagent, than a rise in temperature adds heat to the system and a drop in a temperature removes heat from the system .As with a change in any other parameter ,(concentration, pressure, or volume), the system shift to reduce the effect of the change. Therefore, a temperature increase favours the endothermic direction (from left to right of the equilibrium equation ) and a temperature decrease favours the exothermic direction. In summary, a temperature increase favours an exothermic direction and a temperature decrease favours the exothermic reaction. The effect of changing temperature on an equilibrium constant is given by the van t Hoff equation d ln K/ d T = H/RT2 Thus, for exothermic reactions, (ΆH is negative) K decreases with an increase in temperature, but, for endothermic reactions, (ΆH is positive) K increases with an increase temperature. An alternative formulation is d ln K/ d(1/T) = H/R At first sight this appears to offer a means of obtaining the standard molar enthalpy of the reaction by studying the variation of K with temperature. Effect of change of pressure and volume:- Change in pressure ordinarily do not effect the concentration of the reacting species in condensed phases(say, in an aqueous solution) because liquids and solids are virtually in compressible. On the other hand, concentration of gases are greatly affected by change in pressure. The greater the pressure, the smaller the volume, and vice versa. Note, too, that the term (n/V) is the concentration of the gas in mol/L, and it varies directly with pressure. In general an increase in pressure (decrease in volume) favours the net reaction that decreases the total numbers of moles of gases (the reverse reaction, in this case), and a decrease in pressure (increase in volume) favours the net reaction that increases the total numbers of moles of gases(here the forward reaction).For reaction in which there is no change in the numbers of moles of gases, a pressure (or volume)change has no effect on the position of equilibrium. Effect of catalyst at equilibrium :- Catalyst does not affect the the equilibrium constant. And it can not shift the equilibrium positon. Catalyst only enhance the rate of reaction to reach the equilibrium position. Effect of concentration of reactant:- Effect of concentration change the position of equilibrium. If we increase the concentration of the products shifts the equilibrium to left, and decreasing the concentration of the product shifts the equilibrium to right. These results are just predicted by Le Chatelier principle. Le chatelier principle:- If an external stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially off set as the system reaches a new equilibrium position. pH -A MEASURE OF ACIDITY. Because the concentrations of H+ and OH- in aqueous solution are frequently very small numbers and therefore inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in (mol/L): pH = -log [H3O+] or pH = -log [H+] The negative logarithm gives us a positive number for Ph, which otherwise would be negative due to small value of [H+]. Furthermore the term [H+] permits only to the numerical part of the expression for hydrogen ion concentration, for we cant take the logarithm of units. Thus, like the equilibrium constant, the pH of a solution is a dimensionless quantity. Acidic solutions: pH is less than 7.00. Basic solutions: pH is more than 7.00. Neutral solutions: pH is equal to 7.00. Notice that pH increases as [H+] decreases. For real solutions, activity usually differs from concentrations, sometimes appreciably. Knowing the solute concentration, there are reliable ways based on thermodynamics for estimating its activity, but the details are beyond the scope of text. Keep in mind, therefore, that the measured pH of a solution is usually mot same as that , because the concentration of the H+ ion in molarity is not numerically equal to its activity value. Although we will continue to use concentration in our discussion, it is important to know that this approach will give us only an approximation Of the chemical process that actually take place in solution phase. In the laboratory, pH of a solution is measured with a pH meter. List of some pH of a number of common fluid, the pH of a body fluid varies greatly, depending on location and function. The low pH (high acidity) of gastric juices facilitates digestion whereas a higher pH of blood is necessary for transport of oxygen. APPLICATION OF pH:- A pH indicator is substances that change colour around a particular pH. It is weak acid or weak base and the colour changes occur around 1pH unit either side of its acid dissociatian constant. For.ex. Naturaly occuring indicator litmus is red in acid solution and blue in alkaline solution. REFRENCES:- P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, third edition, Oxford University Press, 1985. F.van Zeggeren and S.N Steery,the computation of chemical equilibrium,1920. W.R.Smith and R.W.Mission,chemical equilibrium Analysis. RAYMOND CHANG, Williams college.

Kettering :: essays research papers

Kettering Tape   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In listening to Kettering’s lecture there are five main points that I was able to pick out: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Point of view of failure – The example he gave was that a person going to grades K – 12 take several tests and if they fail just one they are out, however inventors can fail 999 times but if they succeed just once then they are a success not a failure. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two kinds of education – Kettering claims that one kind of education is being specialized in one particular subject, and the second form of education is knowing a little bit on a wide variety of subjects. This second form is what Kettering claims to be how inventors were educated. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I.Q. Tests – Kettering claimed that I.Q. tests have nothing to do with the person taking the test, but rather, what the person administering the test wants them to be. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teach kids the future – We are going to spend our time in the future not in the past, so why do we not study the future and study what is going to happen rather than what has already happened that we cannot change. We should educate people for the next 15 – 20 years. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"problem† – Kettering states â€Å"The ‘Problem’ has to be the ‘boss’.† From what I get of this he means that you have to come up with a resolution from the problem. The problem has to be the main focus for a reasonable solution to be approached. What do I think of what Kettering said? Where is he right? Where is he wrong? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I cannot say that I agree totally with what he says, but then again I cannot say I totally disagree. He brings up several points that are infinitely arguable. I do agree with the two kinds of education that are stated in number two above. I don’t think there is one best way to teach children wether it be specialized in one subject, or in a wide variety of subjects as each child learns differently and at their own pace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t think that we can teach children or adults the future.

Development and Design

It has been discussed at large that to sustain the revenue growth and the value; organizations need to be innovative at different strata and phases of market and product life cycle respectively. Considering the issue of Virgin Mobile, it is a matter of problem solving propelled by the uncertainty of the stakeholders support and the forecasted possibilities of failing of the existing service plans. Though; to nullify the risk factor of diminishing revenue and the brand image, substitute product coupled with service plane has been introduced.But, like most of the products it will take the brand through a wild ride to gain the market acceptance and to justify its stand against its competitors. To deal the issue strategically; the paper will assess and evaluate the product development process, while differentiating the case of new and existing products, factors of product designing, system administration for new product beta stage, re-launching of product into new market and factors invo lved in designing the proposed product. The holistic approach under the spotlight in this paper is about the process of the product development.New product development (NPD) is the concept of total cycle of the product engineering; to market the new product or the service to boost the business. The process can be executed by following a parallel dual path transition. One path looks after the idea generation, product design, and the detailing of the product engineering. But interestingly, the progression and the acceptance of the proposal of a new product can only take place; if the other side of the parallel process takes its stand.The other way that involves the activities like market research and marketing analysis carry ground work to formulate the further plans that propels the details engineering. The product life cycle management, which observes and help sustain the growth of the market share through the quadrants of the life cycle curve, considers the development of the new p roduct to be the first stage of promoting and marketing the new product in the entire product life cycle.In this inception stage, the development process has structured steps of thinking about the product, its viability to the target audience, its needs and the features required, the sales projection and the revenue expected to be generated, having a real time experience with the product proposed and the other ancillary plans to make the product market. The above stated gist can be technically explained under the following sub-headings. Idea Generation: The brainstorming activity for the new product can only take place when the organization has already conducted the SWOT and the opportunity analysis.A clear conception out these tests helps ideate to take the project forward. This also takes the process to its next level of idea screening. Idea Screening: As the meaning of screening suggests; it eliminates the possible unwanted elements in the course of the new product development. I t seeks about the product benefit to the customers. The size and the projected growth factors in the new market and the market trend of the product or service concept is based on. This to measure how feasible will it be to manufacture the same; technically in regard of cost to price ratio.Concept Development and Testing: In short, this involves the product engineering, which further involves the issues like, end users, the features, product benefit, and cost effectiveness of the product, experiencing a real time scenario and deciding on the actual market price. To gather knowledge on these; it takes a thorough survey of the target segment. Business Analysis: Depending on the potential customer feedback and the competitors stand, the process again revises the ideal selling price of the proposed product to be marketed.Other measures that follow the suite are the sales volume projection calculated on market size, estimated bottom-line and the break-even point. Beta Stage: This is a dra matic event of conducting the real time execution of the proposed product. This is the prototype stage where the product is being used on the customer to collect feedbacks and acceptance by introducing at the shows and conducting interviews. This helps to build the brand identification process that will boost the initial selling in the actual scenario.Technical Implementations and Commercialization mostly considered as the post-NPD activity consider the ancillary factors like the resource estimation, operational planning and the vendor line-up and the other logistic issues. Besides, it steers the post NPD promotional agendas and the channel management too (Ulrich and Eppinger, 2004). To manufacture a new product that suites the market, it needs an important consideration of the factors that make the product designing a success in the market.In the gamut of product management; credit for the successful new product designing that took the market decently, goes to the category of indus trial designing. This genre has an unparallel contribution to product designing in terms of technical know-how, product, its process, aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics. It has the keen observation on product engineering, attributes, market placement; leading to attractiveness, psychology, customers’ need, want and desire and the emotional attachment of the end users with the brand.According to different designers and school of thought the designing aspects may vary though (Pulos, 1988). The factors of new product designing are the professional concepts to create and develop inputs that strike the balance and logisize the function, value and the look of the products and services to leverage a common benefit for both the user and the manufacturer. The concept is big enough to encompass the entire development process of a new product. But in the year 1967, the total concept has focused of the five major backgrounds as per Dreyfuss.Utility: This counts on the products’ user interface in terms of safety, ergonomic approach, and the perceived value of the consumers. Here the concern about the features is about communicating there utilities to the customers. Likewise Virgin’s Data card alone; gives an internet support on go. It is mobile and can enhance the communicating usage of laptops or notebooks. Further, the alternative plan of strategic partnership with IT companies will facilitate the communication features of the notebooks; following a diversified revenue earning.Appearance: This factor reflects the plan and the success of stand-alone proposed product in the crowd of the competitors to stand out of the crowd. As the market is flooded with me too products, the factor like this takes care of form, shape, size, proportion, and color to provide the customers a pleasing presentation. This is particularly in terms of the data card only, not the product development and enhancement with strategic partnership. Ease of maintenance: In this jet age, clients will hardly have the spare to dedicate and cherish the product.The main concern would be the performance and service of the product, for which the factor stated shoulders the responsibilities of easy maintenance, which will not need high involvement of the owner and accessibility to the service hubs for effective after-sales-service. Low costs: To equip the product with forms and features the market price of the same finally goes up. For Virgin; it should bear in mind that proposed product is going to make-up the revenue gap and is set to gain back the confidence of the stake holders.Thus keeping the cost low will help the product and organization to penetrate the new market and introduce the newly developed product smoothly. Communication: This is the factor that highlights the visual features of the product and of course the organizational and brand image. Communication reflects the philosophy of the company; with which the stake holders are heavily involved. In case the product is communicated well from all the aspects; it will help to go off the rack fast, with a promise of yielding more revenue from the process.The entire process plays a significant role surrounding the forte of industrial designing and goes hand-in-hand to lay down the factors of product designing for a successful commercialization (Ulrich and Eppinger, 2004). After the session long development process of a new product the most challenging stage comes with the appearance of moment of truth. At this stage; the organization put proposed product in a usable model to collect the customers’ reactions to predict potential future of the product in the real market situation.Though mostly people consider prototype to be a fully functional model with full form and shape, to be examined by the potential customers, it is further subdivided by the designers as the comprehensive prototype and the focused prototype. The initial type is the essential form the model determining the s uccess and the coordination of all the components, and judging how well they are functioning together. Where as the latter; being focused deals with the limited number of attributes and features.The model; here is more ken in observing certain areas of concern. This can be of importance while developing an existing product design, where the designer knows the particular area needs to be modified or revamped. But; to ensure the smooth running of the concept, a system administration is required to steer the phase. This counts the administrative faculties like, Quality of the user interface that will evaluate whether the data card is understandable by the user and is easy to handle or jack-in into the ports of notebooks.Will the Emotional appeal meet the psychological needs of the customers to make the product a success? Maintenance and repairing process should be easy and user friendly to the users. Appropriate use of resources oversees the right usage of features that will fetch the customer his or her value for money, etc (Crawford and Di Benedetto, 2004). As discussed earlier; the new product involves an extensive development plans, considering both the aspects of present and new products and markets to place in the market in the successfully. But in case of existing product it has edgeSource: Harvard Business Review over the new products as it already holds the earned market share and the awareness. But to boost the performance of the existing products; organizations re-launch and redesign, which creates atleast three key differences than that of the new product development. For a company to expand with its existing product; Market penetration is the least risky key to adopt. As the penetration happens when a company enters the market with existing product, the first approach is to do the poaching of the competitors’ client base.Further it can attracts the non users and the existing users to increase the usage by means of promotional activities and hi ghlighting the enhanced attributes the will make the life of the new and existing users’ life better. This is the key of existing markets and existing products. In case of an existing product; the key of the Market development can help the same to fit in and create new segments with its established brand image, like Lucozade shifted from the sick children target segment to the athletes.Here the market was not new; but the company, which got into motion with time. Companies can use the key of Product development too, where the market exists but the product is new, though for the company; not for the market as the presence of other brands have made the product an existing one, the organization is venturing with its version to squeeze more revenue from the old product too (Ansoff, 1957). The conclusive step of the entire development process circles around the factors that govern the proposed product.The stand alone product like data card should concentrate on the concept evaluat ion measuring the technical and the marketing factors to know the rank of the product at the present state. It controls the financial issues too including the tariff to stand the competition. As the proposal has been made after the initial stages of the developmental process, it becomes more focused, which leads to stage commercialization.In the technical development task it undertakes the responsibilities of the protocols of the prototype and the production line up to make it eventually ready to scale up at the time requirement and subsequently to market the product proposed. Besides, marketing strategies holds plans for business proposals, product augmentation and launch the marketing activities to complete the process of proposed product designe. Reference Ansoff, I. (1957). Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35, 5, 113-124. Crawford, M. and Di Benedetto, A. (2004). New Products Management. (7th ed). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Pulos, A.J. (1988). The American Design Adventure 1940-1975. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. Ulrich, K.T. and Eppinger, S.D. (2004). Product Design and Development (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ullman, D.G. (2009). The Mechanical Design Process (4th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Facts on Canada’s CN Tower

During Toronto's building boom in the early 70's, a serious problem was developing. People were experiencing poor quality television. The pre-skyscraper transmission towers of Toronto stations were simply not high enough anymore.As office buildings were reaching higher and higher, the video reception and radio signaq got weaker and soon became alomst inpossible to recieve. Signals from Toronto and from Buffalo, New York were bouncing off the buildings. As a result viewers often saw a weaker station superimposed over another. So the were watching two shows at once. It became clear that they needed a antenna that would not only be taller than any building in the city, but one that would be taller than anything that would probably ever be built. Today, the microwave receivers which pull in distant signals are about 305 metres or 1000 feet up (inside that white donut-like thing), and the top of the transmission antenna is 553.33 metres or 1815 feet 5 inches high (that's the very top).Because of this, we enjoy some of the clearest TV and radio reception in North America. An extra little tidbit you may not have known: It wasn't until late in the design process that the architects decided to turn the Tower into a Tourist Attraction. The CN Tower was built by the Canadian National Railway. Opened to the public on June 26, 1976 Official opening on October 1, 1976 Adjusted cost (1997 dollars): $250 million Number of construction workers: 1,537 Total weight of the Tower: 117,910 metric tonnes (130,000 tons) Volume of concrete: 40,523.8 cubic metres (53,000 cubic yards) Reinforcing steel: 4,535 metric tonnes (5,000 tons) Structural steel: 544.2 metric tonnes (600 tons) Number of elevators: 6 (including 2 which officially opened March 20, 1997) Speed of elevators: 6 metres/second (20 feet/second) Slow speed of elevators (in high winds): 1.5 metres/second (5 feet/second) Attendance: about 1.8 million per year Total staff (off season): approximately 400 Total staff (peak season): approximately 550 Maximum sway in 190 km/h winds with 320 km/h gusts (120 mph winds with 200 mph gusts): Antenna: 6 ft., 8 in. from centre Sky Pod: 3 ft., 4 in. from centre Tower Sphere: 1 ft., 7 in. from centre Thickness of windows: Outer pane – 9.5 mm (3/8 inch), inner pane – 6.4 mm (1/4 inch) Capacity of 360, The Restaurant at the Tower: 400 people Time it takes to revolve once: 72 minutes Capacity of Horizons Cafe: 500 people Broadcast Facilities: UHF, VHF Television; FM Radio; Microwave Transmissions; Fixed Mobile Systems Companies that broadcast from the Tower: CBC Channel 5 & 25, CFMT 47, CFTO 9, City 57, Global/CIII 41, TV Ontario 19, LOOK Communications (Digital), CHFI/Rogers, CFNY FM, CHIN FM, CHUM FM, CILQ FM, CJEZ FM, CJRT FM, CKFM FM, Bell Canada, Cantel, Motorola, TTC Thickness of The Glass Floor: 2 1/2 â€Å". Layers, from the top down: 3/16†³ scuff plate (replaced annually) Two 1/2†³ layers of clear tempered glass, laminated together A one inch layer of air (for insulation) Two 1/4†³ layers of clear tempered glass, laminated together Size of each panel: 42†³ by 50†³ Load tests are performed annually on each panel to ensure safety Toronto certainly does, and we appreciate the time the following groups and publications recently took to honour the CN Tower: The CN Tower extends congratulations to II by IV Design Associates partners Dan Menchions and Keith Rushbrook in winning the following design awards from the Assocation of Registered Interior Designers of Ontario (ARIDO):†Designers of the Year†, GOLD for Public and Institutional Spaces: CN Tower – Public Circulation Space, SILVER for Retail Spaces: CN Tower – Market Place Retail Centre, SILVER for Restaurants and Bars: CN Tower – Market Place Cafe City Parent, A Metroland Newsmagazine For City Families chose us as the ‘Best Tourist Attraction in Toronto' in the Fourth Annual Readers Selection Awards Voted the â€Å"Best Place to Take Out-Of-Towners† by Eye Magazine American Society of Civil Engineers, who accredited us as being one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Modern World' Guinness Book of World Records changed our status to ‘World's Tallest Building and Free Standing Structure' and highlighted us on the cover of their 1996 Edition NOW Magazine – Best Place to Impress Out-of-Town Visitors Toronto Sun Readers' Choice Awards – Favourite Toronto Attraction International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Brass Ring Award – #1 Radio Campaign for Attractions World Wildlife Fund of Canada – Bird Friendly Building Award Federal Energy Innovator Award for recognition of innovative leadership in the pursuit of energy management opportunities Toronto Tourism Award – Ontario SuperHost for Staff Training & Education International Digital Media Awards – Gold for Best Kiosk/Installation for EcoDek Environment Canada – Great Lakes Raptor Recovery Plaque Tourism Toronto Award – Best Attraction, 1995.